Feed Crown

Avena leaf rust, a new threat to Pakistan

A large number of plant pathogens ranging from the simple to the complex in its mode of action diversity effects and almost all types of life on earth, especially crop plants and their effect ranges from mild symptoms to catastrophes in which large areas stocked with food and feed crops destroyed and bodies dependent on these crops for survival will suffer severely. These pathogens are difficult to control because their populations are variable in time, space and the genotype and the pathogen is well aware about its ability to act as a powerful evolutionary force and shape the structure and the dynamics of both individual species and communities which they belong. Through changes in pathogen race to overcome the resistance are using of their mechanism of virulence, the structural, biochemical and physiological properties of the host that may have been hard-won achievement of the breeder. Rusts are emerging communities devastating foliar fungal diseases that cause huge crop losses and widespread famines in the world. Rusts are pathogens difficult to control because they are widely adopted, rapid evolution, spread rapidly by wind over long distances and are neither seed nor soil born. Among them, leaf rust (Puccinia coronata Corda var. Avenae) is a fungus that attacks the crop oat (sativa avenae) Also known as crown rust, a disease most destructive of oats. Crown word refers to the shape of a type of spores produced by Puccinia coronata Corda var. avenae and is not related to the symptoms of the disease.

Oats are very important crop world wide but has a special position in Pakistan's economy, contributing directly or indirectly in GDP. It cereal or use as a staple food in most of the world, but in Pakistan is mainly used as fodder. Oatmeal has many features that made adequate to local conditions for example, high performance, multicut, short life for the purpose of forages almost 60-90 days of the emergency, nutritious, three crops in a year as the fall, winter and spring, has a natural glacial moraine on other crops and drowned in the environment where tolerance of frost and acid soils necessary. Above all, cover the periods of scarcity successful mid-winter (December-January) and summer (May-June) when all other fodder disappear camp in Pakistan. But I know a global threat is found in oat growing areas also recently reported in Pakistan crown ie rust (Puccinia coronata Corda var. Avenae). Use wild oats and grasses as an alternative host and cause severe infections in cultivated oats (Avena sativa). Crown rust fungus life cycle is complex, which includes several steps urediniospores spores ie, basidiospores, teliospores aeciospores and buckthorn shrub serving as alternate host.

crown rust (Puccinia coronata Corda var. avenae) produces two types of spores during their life is, cycle occur with two modes of infection (1) urediniospores (Yellow-orange body) occur in the alternate host uredinia every 8-10 days and dissiminated by wind to other plants of oats. The urediniospores germinate in the presence moisture and infect the leaves and less frequently the sheath of the leaf, stem and panicle. This cycle will continue indefinitely, as long as susceptible oat plants available. (2) a second, but a complete cycle of life using both machines occurs when plant species of buckthorn (Rhamnus carthartica, Rhamnus dahurica and Rhamnus lanceolata) are present in low temperature weather. As mature and oats during the period of drought, excessive moisture or high temperature containing telia teliospores form in and around uredinia. Teliospores (brown-black bodies) functioning as the mean survival for the fungus during the winter, raw and basidiospores germinate so as to spread Hawthorn by wind and cause infection. Aeciospores produce basidiospores that infect more of oats (Avena sativa). Since the harvest is intended to begin to develop mature telia and in some cases the leaf epidermis remains intact until after the leaves have died and life cycle completed successfully. Uredinium takes 7-10 days to start a new infection, depending on host susceptibility and weather conditions. crown rust grows best in temperate and warm (20-25 C) on sunny days and mild nights (15-20 C) with adequate moisture for the formation of winds, due to the half day is important in moving around the spores to infect new plants oat and these conditions are the same for oats for optimal growth. Under ideal conditions, rust spores can travel hundreds of miles that have the ability of infection and in one or two weeks, each new infection begins to release spores to start the next generation of infection, but infection is inhibited at temperatures above 30C. The maximum activity of leaf rust is too early to mid-autumn to mid spring, but can develop at a slower pace in cooler temperatures of winter and the hottest summer if it can be assumed to grow oats and not enough dew or rain. crown rust (Puccinia coronata Corda var. Avenae) is difficult to control because of its short life cycle, rapid changes in his career pathogens, host resistance breakdown and the same requirements of climatic conditions for optimum growth requirements of oats and leaf rust and availability of all the alternative host of the year. oat crops for grain have very clearly defined seasons, limiting the spread of rust, but the oats for forage can be grown out of the ordinary or traditional calendars season, creating what some call the "Green Bridge" – continuous forage crops where the rust inoculum can survive throughout the year.

Pycnia produced by basidiospores, are the means by which by which new races of crown rust comes from the exchange of genetic material between different strains of fungi. Each pycnium pycnospores and special produce receptive hyphae called mycelium. Pycnospores are released from pycnia in a thick, sticky and sweet that attracts insects. Pycnospores splashing water are transported by insects or pycnium each other, which is attached to Becom receptive hyphae, the core of the pycnospores enters the receptive hyphae giving the formation of a aeocium on the underside of the leaf. Aeciospores differ genetically from both pycninspores and receptive hyphae active once again to break the host resistance. Pc At least 96 genes have been reported in Avena species. Despite the large number of available resistance genes, the average effective life of the crown rust of new resistant cultivars of oats is three to five years. Aeciospores disseminated by the wind of oats, where infection occurs. Each infection leads to uredinium which again formed urediniospores and serve as a repeat infection. The spores produce a germ tube that grows on the surface leaf of a stoma, is aprisorium (surface infection) and penetrate through the stoma. mold growing between the leaf cells, getting nutrients to penetrate living cells with haustoria and host leaf damage, reducing gas exchange, particularly the flag leaf reduced photosynthesis. Areas infected, initially discrete, expand with the progress of the infection and symptoms of the disease appear about five days after inoculation, which is characterized by yellow spots associated with the presence of mycelium of the fungus into the tissues. At this stage, photosynthesis is reduced slightly in the infected areas, but not in those parts of the leaf without infection, where the process shows similar levels to the healthy parts. During sporulation, typically eight days after inoculation, there is a reduction in the rate of photosynthesis throughout the leaf, although this reduction is more visible in areas invaded by the fungus. Eleven days after inoculation, "green islands" are formed around those areas of the leaf associated with the fungal mycelium and photosynthesis is severely inhibited across the sheet. In areas not infected by the mycelium of the pathogen, photosynthesis is very low, indicating that even in these areas, the photosynthetic apparatus is seriously damaged. In the islands of green leaves, photosynthesis is low, but detectable, indicating that some photosynthetic processes are still occurring, but sugar transport leaf photosynthesis for the development of grains and other body parts affected. This limits the growth of plants and reduce forage quality and quantity. badly rusted plants have stunted root system and poor drought tolerance. It also reduces performance and makes thin cores, with test weights low.

In Pakistan, more than 35% of the land is under fodder. green oat yield in areas is about to rain and 60-80tonha 20tonha areas irrigation. Leaf rust is becoming Pakistan that threatens some affected areas in the past 4-5 years, but do not cut the epidemic is, but knowing the inoculum is present in sufficient quantity that could cause damage to forage oats cut at any time of the appearance of favorable conditions but the world to gain a very important position because of their separate damage especially in producing countries such as oats high, Canada (3.5), USA (1.75) Australia (1.5), China (1.33), Germany (1.20), Sweden (1) million tons of annual output. Sever cases reported in Spain, New Zealand, Russia, Poland, Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay, but especially for the U.S. oat cultivation, rust is more damaging crown rust, threatening more than 4 million hectares and 200 million tonnes of production each year. in 2008 with record production of 88.6 million bushels on notice that accounts for 14% loss of performance. annual world production of oats varies in width between 25-30 million tonnes which has recently warned that decreased to 10-40% in the last five years and major reason is the crown rust along with other physiological factors. Initial stage infection causes the loss of 8-10%, but cut the epidemic leads to 100% from scratch. Pakistan (45-50 Tonha) and India (40-45 Tonha) are not large producers of the production area of oats and wise regardless of whether the crop has higher revenue contribution national. And if this high dependence on fodder oats and low real production potential is imposed on leaf rust stresses left a bad memory in history Pakistan.

About the Author

Dr. M. Hammad Nadeem Tahir, associate professor and
Sammina Mahmood, student of MSc(hons)agriculture
Department of plant breeding and genetics

University of Agriculture, Faisalabad

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