Alum Alloy

Discovery and extraction of aluminum â € "A Brief History

The term comes from the complex aluminum alum (Kal (SO4) 2? 12H2O), which contains it. In the 18th century realized that contains a database of alum peculiar, different from all others, but only in the 19th century scientists were able to isolate it.

Berzelius and Davy tried to use the electrolysis process to isolate the metal in alumina. In particular Davy Heat a mixture of alumina and potash, and then sends the mixture to an electric current, but without success.

Oersted in 1825 was to try to isolate the metal which is believed to appear in alumina. It was first prepared anhydrous aluminum chloride (AlCl3) by passing a current of chlorine on a mixture of coal and alumina is heated to red. Then, aluminum chloride produced is mixed and heated with potassium amalgam producing potassium chloride and aluminum amalgam. Distillation of this mixture of no contact with the atmosphere left a piece of metal that color, said Oersted, tin resembles in color and brightness.

WÃ ¶ hler repeated Oersted's experiment, but could not replicate the results. Recent replications of the experiment, based on Oersted's notes, have shown that with a very dilute potassium amalgam (1.5% K), it is possible extract aluminum.

WÃ ¶ hler Oersted encouraged to continue in their attempts. Thus, WA ¶ hler first produced anhydrous aluminum chloride. Then, set in a platinum crucible a mixture of AlCl3 and potassium (K), instead of using potassium amalgam as Oersted. The crucible was closed and some heat applied only to start the reaction. Soon the pot was very hot, with the reaction:

A 3K + AlCl3 -> Al + 3KCl

exothermic. The aluminum produced was contaminated with platinum, so they repeated the experiment with porcelain crucibles and other materials, always be able to produce aluminum in the form of a gray powder. Aluminum produced was contaminated with potassium, platinum or aluminum chloride, however, first described the most important properties of aluminum and then in 1845, was able to produce a coherent mass of aluminum.

In 1855 the French scientist Henri Sainte-Claire Deville, ignoring WÃ ¶ hler 1845 experiment, repetitive. Observation of the reduction of aluminum chloride, understands the importance of the discovery and immediately began to explore ways to produce large quantities of this metal for marketing. Two ways were possible. The first was the chemical production of aluminum chloride with potassium salt and reducing agent, the second option was an electrolytic method for reducing the chlorine with a carbon anode and cathode of platinum. Both methods are difficult to implement on a large scale. In the the chemical, potassium is very expensive and dangerous to handle, while there are sources of power is available at low cost, the only existing batteries batteries being. Therefore, H. St. Claire Devil choose the chemical method for producing aluminum, using as reducing agent of the most common in the nature of sodium (Na) instead of potassium. The ™ € Devilleâ s work was of great help for the funds given by Napoleon III. Thanks to the work of other chemicals that time, Deville was able to produce for themselves large amounts of sodium. At the same time, in this period of two processes must be turned in industrial processes, being the first production and refining of alumina and the second the conversion of alumina into aluminum chloride. Anyway, in 1859 the available amount of aluminum rose (2 tons / year produced in the plant Salindres). Through the years going from 1855 to 1890 the price of aluminum fell from 1200 to equivalent, ¬ / kg to 13 â, ¬ / kg. During that year, chemical and electrochemical methods have been developed for the extraction of aluminum. Chemical methods more or minus variations around the basic process of St. Claire Deville. To quote: Castner, Netto, Grabau, Webster, Frismuth, TSAP € | The electrochemical could be divided into two main categories: electrothermal and electrolyte. For electrothermal processes we can mention Cowles, HÃ © roult, Brin, Bessemer, Stefanita, Moissan, while for the electrolytic processes have roult HÃ ©, Adolphe Minet, Hall, Hamper, Kleiner, Gooch, Waldo.

Of all these processes, did the work of the American Charles Martin Hall and Paul Louis Toussaint French HÃ © roult, who independently and simultaneously invented the process that is still used to reduce alumina to aluminum.

In 1880 at Oberlin College near Cleveland, Ohio, two people meet. One of them was Frank Fanning Jewett, professor of chemistry and mineralogy at Oberlin College. Jewett had the opportunity to study at the University of GÃ ¶ ttingen in Germany between 1873 and 1875. While in Germany he met WÃ ¶ hler, who had isolated aluminum in 1827. The other was a young student at Oberlin, Charles Martin Hall, self person and so passionate chemistry to carry out experiments at home. Hall, at the age of 16, I knew the problems involved in the production of aluminum and, under the guidance and encouragement Jewett, worked in the chemistry of aluminum, both at home and laboratory Oberlin College. Hall first tried methods chemical reduction to produce aluminum, but without results. Then, with Jewett, decided to follow the path to produce electrolytic aluminum. In a first attempt, Hall tried to decompose aluminum fluoride (ALF3) dissolved in water, but the results only was the production of hydrogen at the anode and hydroxide aluminum at the cathode. What is important in this work was the selection of fluorine, never tried before. The next step was the use of molten salts as solvents. After different experiment, choose the cryolite as the solvent, being aware of it and Jewett use in Deville works. He was able to melt and cryolite proved to be a good solvent for alumina. The first attempt to electrolysis was performed using a clay pot, but the result was the production of silicon material from the crucible. So, recognizing this, the clay pot was lined with graphite, was added a little aluminum fluoride cryolite in order to lower the melting point and experiment was repeated. After several hours of electrolysis, the merger is cooled and opened, the search for small globules of silver Jewett confirmed that aluminum. In February, 23 1886.

After some trouble in 1888, a group of investors, organized by Captain Alfred Hunt, always Hall with sufficient funds to establish the Pittsburgh Reduction Company, Alcoa's predecessor.

One or two months later, the discovery of Hall, Frenchman Paul Louis Toussaint HÃ © roult made the same discovery independently. She heard of the discoveries Deville St.Claire age of 15 read ™ € Devilleâ s famous treatise. He tried to produce aluminum from aluminum electrolysis different compounds, without success. Then tried cryolite electrolysis. During the process, the cathode is molten iron. Because temperatures were not so high to justify a merger of iron, he realized that some of alloying materials formed. A few days later, in an attempt to lower melting temperature, added some sodium chloride and aluminum and realized that the carbon anode is consumed. What happened was that the sodium aluminum chloride into contact with moisture, it becomes hydrated alumina. So basically discovered HÃ © roult the same process to produce aluminum revealed by Hall only a couple of months earlier.

http://www.aluminumsmeltingprocess.com

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